Sabtu, 09 Maret 2013
teknologi 3G
GPRS
General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).[1][2]
GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with circuit switched data, which is usually billed per minute of connection time. GPRS data may be sold either as part of a bundle (e.g., up to 5 GB per month for a fixed fee) or on a pay-as-you-use basis. Usage above the bundle cap is either charged per megabyte or disallowed.
GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/second.[3] 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony.[4] It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases.
GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with circuit switched data, which is usually billed per minute of connection time. GPRS data may be sold either as part of a bundle (e.g., up to 5 GB per month for a fixed fee) or on a pay-as-you-use basis. Usage above the bundle cap is either charged per megabyte or disallowed.
GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/second.[3] 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony.[4] It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases.
WIFI
Wi-Fi (pronounced why fy, also spelled Wifi or WiFi) is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".[1]
However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term
"Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN". Only Wi-Fi
products that complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully may use the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" trademark.
A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video-game console, smartphone, tablet, or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles — this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections (such as Ethernet) because an intruder does not need a physical connection. Web pages that use SSL are secure but unencrypted internet access can easily be detected by intruders. Because of this, Wi-Fi has adopted various encryption technologies. The early encryption WEP, proved easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA, WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.[2] The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified devices resist attacks. The use of WPS greatly reduces the time required to gain access by the use of so called "brute force" attacks.
A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video-game console, smartphone, tablet, or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles — this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections (such as Ethernet) because an intruder does not need a physical connection. Web pages that use SSL are secure but unencrypted internet access can easily be detected by intruders. Because of this, Wi-Fi has adopted various encryption technologies. The early encryption WEP, proved easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA, WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.[2] The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified devices resist attacks. The use of WPS greatly reduces the time required to gain access by the use of so called "brute force" attacks.
Perkembangan Teknologi
Teknologi adalah keseluruhan sarana untuk menyediakan barang-barang yang diperlukan bagi kelangsungan dan kenyamanan hidup manusia.
Penggunaan teknologi oleh manusia diawali dengan pengubahan sumber daya alam menjadi alat-alat sederhana. Penemuan prasejarah tentang kemampuan mengendalikan api telah menaikkan ketersediaan sumber-sumber pangan, sedangkan penciptaan roda telah membantu manusia dalam beperjalanan dan mengendalikan lingkungan mereka. Perkembangan teknologi terbaru, termasuk di antaranya mesin cetak, telepon, dan Internet, telah memperkecil hambatan fisik terhadap komunikasi dan memungkinkan manusia untuk berinteraksi secara bebas dalam skala global. Tetapi, tidak semua teknologi digunakan untuk tujuan damai; pengembangan senjata penghancur yang semakin hebat telah berlangsung sepanjang sejarah, dari pentungan sampai senjata nuklir.
Teknologi telah memengaruhi masyarakat dan sekelilingnya dalam banyak cara. Di banyak kelompok masyarakat, teknologi telah membantu memperbaiki ekonomi (termasuk ekonomi global masa kini) dan telah memungkinkan bertambahnya kaum senggang. Banyak proses teknologi menghasilkan produk sampingan yang tidak dikehendaki, yang disebut pencemar, dan menguras sumber daya alam, merugikan dan merusak Bumi dan lingkungannya. Berbagai macam penerapan teknologi telah memengaruhi nilai suatu masyarakat dan teknologi baru seringkali mencuatkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan etika baru. Sebagai contoh, meluasnya gagasan tentang efisiensi dalam konteks produktivitas manusia, suatu istilah yang pada awalnynya hanya menyangku permesinan, contoh lainnya adalah tantangan norma-norma tradisional.
bahwa keadaan ini membahayakan lingkungan dan mengucilkan manusia; penyokong paham-paham seperti transhumanisme dan tekno-progresivisme memandang proses teknologi yang berkelanjutan sebagai hal yang menguntungkan bagi masyarakat dan kondisi manusia. Tentu saja, paling sedikit hingga saat ini, diyakini bahwa pengembangan teknologi hanya terbatas bagi umat manusia, tetapi kajian-kajian ilmiah terbaru mengisyaratkan bahwa primata lainnya dan komunitas lumba-lumba tertentu telah mengembangkan alat-alat sederhana dan belajar untuk mewariskan pengetahuan mereka kepada keturunan mereka.
Penggunaan teknologi oleh manusia diawali dengan pengubahan sumber daya alam menjadi alat-alat sederhana. Penemuan prasejarah tentang kemampuan mengendalikan api telah menaikkan ketersediaan sumber-sumber pangan, sedangkan penciptaan roda telah membantu manusia dalam beperjalanan dan mengendalikan lingkungan mereka. Perkembangan teknologi terbaru, termasuk di antaranya mesin cetak, telepon, dan Internet, telah memperkecil hambatan fisik terhadap komunikasi dan memungkinkan manusia untuk berinteraksi secara bebas dalam skala global. Tetapi, tidak semua teknologi digunakan untuk tujuan damai; pengembangan senjata penghancur yang semakin hebat telah berlangsung sepanjang sejarah, dari pentungan sampai senjata nuklir.
Teknologi telah memengaruhi masyarakat dan sekelilingnya dalam banyak cara. Di banyak kelompok masyarakat, teknologi telah membantu memperbaiki ekonomi (termasuk ekonomi global masa kini) dan telah memungkinkan bertambahnya kaum senggang. Banyak proses teknologi menghasilkan produk sampingan yang tidak dikehendaki, yang disebut pencemar, dan menguras sumber daya alam, merugikan dan merusak Bumi dan lingkungannya. Berbagai macam penerapan teknologi telah memengaruhi nilai suatu masyarakat dan teknologi baru seringkali mencuatkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan etika baru. Sebagai contoh, meluasnya gagasan tentang efisiensi dalam konteks produktivitas manusia, suatu istilah yang pada awalnynya hanya menyangku permesinan, contoh lainnya adalah tantangan norma-norma tradisional.
bahwa keadaan ini membahayakan lingkungan dan mengucilkan manusia; penyokong paham-paham seperti transhumanisme dan tekno-progresivisme memandang proses teknologi yang berkelanjutan sebagai hal yang menguntungkan bagi masyarakat dan kondisi manusia. Tentu saja, paling sedikit hingga saat ini, diyakini bahwa pengembangan teknologi hanya terbatas bagi umat manusia, tetapi kajian-kajian ilmiah terbaru mengisyaratkan bahwa primata lainnya dan komunitas lumba-lumba tertentu telah mengembangkan alat-alat sederhana dan belajar untuk mewariskan pengetahuan mereka kepada keturunan mereka.
Materi Ujian Praktek
MoNna Lisa
Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda (La Joconde), is an oil painting on popular wood made by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century. This painting is often regarded as one of the most famous paintings in the world and only a few other works of art that became the center of attention, study, mythology, and parody. This painting is owned by the French government and on display at the Musée du Louvre in Paris.
This half-body portrait paintings depict a woman whose gaze towards visitors with an expression often described as enigmatic or mysterious.
The name or title of the Mona Lisa from the Giorgio Vasari biography of Leonardo da Vinci, published 31 years after he died. In the book it is mentioned that the woman in this painting is Lisa Gherardini, wife of a wealthy Florentine businessman named Francesco del Giocondo. Mona in Italian is the abbreviation for the madonna which means "mistress". So the title means Mrs Lisa painting. In the Italian language is usually written as the title of the painting Monna Lisa (with double n).
Then Gioconda is the feminine form of Giocondo. Giocondo word in Italian means "carefree" and he gioconda means "carefree woman". Thanks to Mona Lisa's mysterious smile, the phrase has a double meaning. Similarly, in French translation, La La Joconde.
Name Mona Lisa and La Gioconda or La Joconde is the title of this painting is widely accepted since the 19th century. Previous painting is called by various names such as "Women of Florence" or "A noble woman with a thin veil".
Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda (La Joconde), is an oil painting on popular wood made by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century. This painting is often regarded as one of the most famous paintings in the world and only a few other works of art that became the center of attention, study, mythology, and parody. This painting is owned by the French government and on display at the Musée du Louvre in Paris.
This half-body portrait paintings depict a woman whose gaze towards visitors with an expression often described as enigmatic or mysterious.
The name or title of the Mona Lisa from the Giorgio Vasari biography of Leonardo da Vinci, published 31 years after he died. In the book it is mentioned that the woman in this painting is Lisa Gherardini, wife of a wealthy Florentine businessman named Francesco del Giocondo. Mona in Italian is the abbreviation for the madonna which means "mistress". So the title means Mrs Lisa painting. In the Italian language is usually written as the title of the painting Monna Lisa (with double n).
Then Gioconda is the feminine form of Giocondo. Giocondo word in Italian means "carefree" and he gioconda means "carefree woman". Thanks to Mona Lisa's mysterious smile, the phrase has a double meaning. Similarly, in French translation, La La Joconde.
Name Mona Lisa and La Gioconda or La Joconde is the title of this painting is widely accepted since the 19th century. Previous painting is called by various names such as "Women of Florence" or "A noble woman with a thin veil".
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 - 2 May 1519) is an
architect, musician, writer, sculptor, and painter Italian Renaissance. He is described
as archetype "renaissance man" and as a universal genius. Leonardo is
famous for his paintings savvy, such as Mona Lisa and the Last Meals. He is
also known for designing many are anticipating the creation of modern
technology but seldom made during his lifetime, as an example of his ideas about tanks
and cars poured through the pictures dwiwarna.Selain, he also helped advance
the science of anatomy,astronomy, and civil engineering even also culinary.
NAME : AUREA AGUSTA IX-B
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